Ode on Melancholy

John Keats

1795 to 1821

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No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wolf's-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine;
Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kiss'd
By nightshade, ruby grape of Proserpine;
Make not your rosary of yew-berries,
Nor let the beetle, nor the death-moth be
Your mournful Psyche, nor the downy owl
A partner in your sorrow's mysteries;
For shade to shade will come too drowsily,
And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul.

But when the melancholy fit shall fall
Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud,
That fosters the droop-headed flowers all,
And hides the green hill in an April shroud;
Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose,
Or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave,
Or on the wealth of globed peonies;
Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,
Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave,
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.

She dwells with Beauty—Beauty that must die;
And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips
Bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh,
Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips:
Ay, in the very temple of Delight
Veil'd Melancholy has her sovran shrine,
Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue
Can burst Joy's grape against his palate fine;
His soul shall taste the sadness of her might,
And be among her cloudy trophies hung.

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John Keats's Ode on Melancholy

John Keats' "Ode on Melancholy" is a complex and nuanced exploration of the human experience of sadness and its intricate relationship with beauty, joy, and pleasure. The poem, written in 1819 during the Romantic era in English literature, challenges the conventional notion of melancholy as something to be avoided or suppressed. Instead, Keats suggests that melancholy is an intrinsic part of the human condition, inextricably linked to the most intense experiences of joy and beauty. Through vivid imagery, symbolism, and philosophical contemplation, Keats invites the reader to embrace melancholy, not as a source of despair, but as a pathway to a deeper understanding of life's ephemeral nature and the profound beauty that resides within it.

Historical and Literary Context

To fully appreciate the depth of Keats' "Ode on Melancholy," it is essential to consider the historical and literary context in which it was written. The Romantic era, spanning from the late 18th to the early 19th century, was a period of significant social and intellectual upheaval. The Industrial Revolution was transforming society, and traditional ways of life were being challenged. Romanticism emerged as a reaction to these changes, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and the power of the natural world.

Keats, along with other Romantic poets like William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley, was deeply influenced by this movement. Their poetry often explored themes of nature, beauty, and the sublime, as well as the inner workings of the human mind and emotions. "Ode on Melancholy" reflects these Romantic ideals, particularly in its focus on the individual's subjective experience of melancholy and its connection to the natural world.

Structure and Form

The poem is structured as an ode, a lyrical poem typically addressed to a particular subject and characterized by its elevated style and formal structure. "Ode on Melancholy" consists of three stanzas, each with ten lines. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDECDE, creating a sense of both order and fluidity. This structure provides a framework for Keats' exploration of melancholy, allowing him to move from initial admonitions against seeking oblivion to a more nuanced understanding of melancholy's role in the human experience.

Stanza-by-Stanza Analysis

Stanza 1: Rejecting Oblivion

The poem opens with a series of negative commands, urging the reader to avoid seeking solace in death or oblivion:

No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wolf's-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine;
Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kiss'd
By nightshade, ruby grape of Proserpine;

These lines are filled with imagery of darkness and death, referencing mythical figures and poisonous plants. Lethe, the river of forgetfulness in Greek mythology, represents the temptation to escape the pain of melancholy through oblivion. Wolf's-bane, nightshade, and Proserpine, the queen of the underworld, all evoke images of death and decay. Keats' use of these images in the opening lines immediately establishes the poem's focus on melancholy and its potential dangers.

However, Keats does not advocate for the suppression of melancholy. Instead, he cautions against seeking an easy escape from its depths. He rejects the pursuit of oblivion, suggesting that true melancholy should be experienced fully, not avoided.

Stanza 2: Embracing the Melancholy Fit

In the second stanza, Keats shifts his focus from what not to do to how to embrace melancholy when it arises:

But when the melancholy fit shall fall
Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud,
That fosters the droop-headed flowers all,
And hides the green hill in an April shroud;
Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose,
Or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave,
Or on the wealth of globed peonies;

Here, Keats uses the metaphor of a "weeping cloud" to describe the sudden onset of melancholy. This image, while still tinged with sadness, is also associated with life-giving rain that nourishes the flowers. This suggests that melancholy, though painful, can also be a source of growth and renewal.

Keats then offers a series of sensory experiences as a way to engage with melancholy: the sight of a morning rose, the rainbow on a wave, the opulent beauty of peonies. These images appeal to the reader's senses of sight and smell, suggesting that melancholy can be experienced through an intense engagement with the natural world.

The stanza concludes with a more personal and intimate image:

Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,
Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave,
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.

This suggests that even in moments of conflict or emotional intensity, there is a depth of experience to be savored. The lover's anger, though painful, is also a source of passion and connection.

Stanza 3: Melancholy's Sovereignty

The final stanza offers a philosophical reflection on the nature of melancholy and its relationship to beauty, joy, and pleasure:

She dwells with Beauty—Beauty that must die;
And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips
Bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh,
Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips:

These lines highlight the ephemeral nature of beauty, joy, and pleasure. Keats suggests that these experiences are fleeting and ultimately intertwined with melancholy. Beauty is destined to fade, joy is always on the verge of departure, and pleasure can quickly turn to pain.

However, Keats does not see this as a cause for despair. Instead, he suggests that it is precisely this awareness of mortality and transience that gives life its depth and meaning. He concludes the poem with a powerful image:

Ay, in the very temple of Delight
Veil'd Melancholy has her sovran shrine,
Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue
Can burst Joy's grape against his palate fine;
His soul shall taste the sadness of her might,
And be among her cloudy trophies hung.

This image suggests that melancholy is not separate from joy and delight but rather an integral part of them. Only those who can fully experience joy can also truly understand the depths of melancholy. The "strenuous tongue" that can "burst Joy's grape" represents the ability to savor life's pleasures with intensity, and it is this same intensity that allows one to experience the full weight of melancholy.

Themes and Symbolism

"Ode on Melancholy" is rich in symbolism and explores several interconnected themes:

Conclusion

"Ode on Melancholy" is a powerful and evocative exploration of the human experience of sadness. Keats' poem challenges us to reconsider our understanding of melancholy, not as something to be feared or suppressed, but as an integral part of life's rich tapestry. Through its vivid imagery, symbolism, and philosophical depth, the poem invites us to embrace melancholy, not as a source of despair, but as a pathway to a deeper appreciation of beauty, joy, and the ephemeral nature of life itself.

This analysis has aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of "Ode on Melancholy," suitable for both university professors of English literature and casual readers. By examining the poem's historical context, structure, themes, and symbolism, we have sought to illuminate its complexity and enduring relevance. Ultimately, "Ode on Melancholy" serves as a reminder that even in the face of sadness and loss, there is profound beauty and meaning to be found in the human experience.